Technophilia is, in its simplest definition, a strong enthusiasm for technology , especially newer technologies such as computers, the Internet, cell phones and home theater.
Technophobia is the fear or dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers. The term is generally used in the sense of an irrational fear, but others contend fears are justified. It is the opposite of technophilia.
Technophilics vs Technophobies:
Those are the two extremes of the relationship between technology and society. The technophobe fears or dislikes technology, often regarding some or all technology with fear. This may be as a consequences of fear of change, a prior catastrophic experience with technology or because it may lead to a process of dehumanization. The technophile sees most or all technology as positive, adopting technology enthusiastically, and seeing it as a means to potentially improve life and combat social problems. A technophile will choose technology above other methods rather than rationally selecting the best tool for the job.
Sunday 19 October 2008
Theory of multiple intelligences
[edit] Gardner's Categories of Intelligence
[edit] Bodily-Kinesthetic
This area has to do with movement and doing. People are generally good at physical activities such as sports or dance and often prefer activities which use movement. People who have this intelligence usually learn better by getting up and moving around. They may enjoy acting or performing, and in general they are good at building and making things. They often learn best by physically doing something, rather than reading or hearing about it. Those with strong bodily-kinesthetic intelligence seem to use what might be termed muscle memory; for example they remember things through their body, rather than through words (verbal memory) or images (visual memory). It requires the skills and dexterity for fine motor movements such as those required for dancing, athletics, surgery, craftmaking, etc. Careers which suit those with this intelligence include athletes, dancers, actors, surgeons, builders, and soldiers.
[edit] Interpersonal
This area has to do with interaction with others. People in this category are usually extroverts and are characterized by their sensitivity to others' moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations, and their ability to cooperate in order to work as part of a group. They communicate effectively and empathize easily with others, and may be either leaders or followers. They typically learn best by working with others and often enjoy discussion and debate.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include politicians, managers, teachers, and social workers.
[edit] Verbal-Linguistic
Verbal-linguistic intelligence has to do with words, spoken or written. People with verbal-linguistic intelligence display a facility with words and languages. They are typically good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words and dates. They tend to learn best by reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, and via discussion and debate. They are also frequently skilled at explaining, teaching and oration or persuasive speaking. Those with verbal-linguistic intelligence learn foreign languages very easily as they have high verbal memory and recall, and an ability to understand and manipulate syntax and structure.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include writers, lawyers, philosophers, journalists, politicians and teachers.
[edit] Logical-Mathematical
This area has to do with logic, abstractions, inductive and deductive reasoning, and numbers. While it is often assumed that those with this intelligence naturally excel in mathematics, chess, computer programming and other logical or numerical activities, a more accurate definition places emphasis less on traditional mathematical ability and more reasoning capabilities, abstract pattern recognition, scientific thinking and investigation, and the ability to perform complex calculations.
Those who automatically correlate this intelligence with skill in mathematics criticize this intelligence by arguing that logical ability is often more strongly correlated with verbal rather than mathematical ability: for example, in the Graduate Record Examination, a test often used in the United States to decide who will be admitted to graduate school, the old Analytic section correlated more strongly with the Verbal section than the Mathematical. One possibility is that formal, symbolic logic and strict logic games are under the command of mathematical intelligence, while skills such as fallacy hunting, argument construction, etc. are under the command of verbal intelligence.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include scientists, mathematicians, engineers, doctors and economists.
[edit] Naturalistic
This area has to do with nature, nurturing and relating information to one's natural surroundings. This is the eighth and newest of the intelligences, added to the theory in 1999. This type of intelligence was not part of Gardner's original theory of Multiple Intelligences. Those with it are said to have greater sensitivity to nature and their place within it, the ability to nurture and grow things, and greater ease in caring for, taming and interacting with animals. They may also be able to discern changes in weather or similar fluctuations in their natural surroundings. They are also good at recognizing and classifying different species. "Naturalists" learn best when the subject involves collecting and analyzing, or is closely related to something prominent in nature; they also don't enjoy learning unfamiliar or seemingly useless subjects with little or no connections to nature. It is advised that naturalistic learners would learn more through being outside or in a kinesthetic way.
The theory behind this intelligence is often criticized, much like the spiritual or existential intelligence (see below), as it is seen by many as not indicative of an intelligence but rather an interest. However it might have been a more valuable and useful intelligence in prehistoric times when humans lived closer to nature.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include scientists, naturalists, conservationists, gardeners and farmers.
[edit] Intrapersonal
This area has to do with introspective and self-reflective capacities. Those who are strongest in this intelligence are typically introverts and prefer to work alone. They are usually highly self-aware and capable of understanding their own emotions, goals and motivations. They often have an affinity for thought-based pursuits such as philosophy. They learn best when allowed to concentrate on the subject by themselves. There is often a high level of perfectionism associated with this intelligence.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include philosophers, psychologists, theologians, writers and scientists.
[edit] Visual-Spatial
Main article: Spatial reasoning
This area has to do with vision and spatial judgment. People with strong visual-spatial intelligence are typically very good at visualizing and mentally manipulating objects. They have a strong visual memory and are often artistically inclined. Those with visual-spatial intelligence also generally have a very good sense of direction and may also have very good hand-eye coordination, although this is normally seen as a characteristic of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Some critics [4] point out the high correlation between the spatial and mathematical abilities, which seems to disprove the clear separation of the intelligences as Gardner theorized. Since solving a mathematical problem involves reasoningly manipulating symbols and numbers, spatial intelligence is involved in visually changing the reality. A thorough understanding of the two intelligences precludes this criticism, however, as the two intelligences do not precisely conform to the definitions of visual and mathematical abilities. Although they may share certain characteristics, they are easily distinguished by several factors, and there are many with strong logical-mathematical intelligence and weak visual-spatial, and vice versa.[citation needed]
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include artists, engineers, and architects.
[edit] Musical
This area has to do with rhythm, music, and hearing. Those who have a high level of musical-rhythmic intelligence display greater sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones, and music. They normally have good pitch and may even have absolute pitch, and are able to sing, play musical instruments, and compose music. Since there is a strong auditory component to this intelligence, those who are strongest in it may learn best via lecture. In addition, they will often use songs or rhythms to learn and memorize information, and may work best with music playing in the background.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include instrumentalists, singers, conductors, disc-jockeys, and composers.
[edit] Other intelligences
Other intelligences have been suggested or explored by Gardner and his colleagues, including spiritual, existential and moral intelligence. Gardner excluded spiritual intelligence due to what he perceived as the inability to codify criteria comparable to the other "intelligences". Existential intelligence (the capacity to raise and reflect on philosophical questions about life, death, and ultimate realities) meets most of the criteria with the exception of identifiable areas of the brain that specialize for this faculty.[5] Moral capacities were excluded because they are normative rather than descriptive.[
[edit] Bodily-Kinesthetic
This area has to do with movement and doing. People are generally good at physical activities such as sports or dance and often prefer activities which use movement. People who have this intelligence usually learn better by getting up and moving around. They may enjoy acting or performing, and in general they are good at building and making things. They often learn best by physically doing something, rather than reading or hearing about it. Those with strong bodily-kinesthetic intelligence seem to use what might be termed muscle memory; for example they remember things through their body, rather than through words (verbal memory) or images (visual memory). It requires the skills and dexterity for fine motor movements such as those required for dancing, athletics, surgery, craftmaking, etc. Careers which suit those with this intelligence include athletes, dancers, actors, surgeons, builders, and soldiers.
[edit] Interpersonal
This area has to do with interaction with others. People in this category are usually extroverts and are characterized by their sensitivity to others' moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations, and their ability to cooperate in order to work as part of a group. They communicate effectively and empathize easily with others, and may be either leaders or followers. They typically learn best by working with others and often enjoy discussion and debate.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include politicians, managers, teachers, and social workers.
[edit] Verbal-Linguistic
Verbal-linguistic intelligence has to do with words, spoken or written. People with verbal-linguistic intelligence display a facility with words and languages. They are typically good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words and dates. They tend to learn best by reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, and via discussion and debate. They are also frequently skilled at explaining, teaching and oration or persuasive speaking. Those with verbal-linguistic intelligence learn foreign languages very easily as they have high verbal memory and recall, and an ability to understand and manipulate syntax and structure.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include writers, lawyers, philosophers, journalists, politicians and teachers.
[edit] Logical-Mathematical
This area has to do with logic, abstractions, inductive and deductive reasoning, and numbers. While it is often assumed that those with this intelligence naturally excel in mathematics, chess, computer programming and other logical or numerical activities, a more accurate definition places emphasis less on traditional mathematical ability and more reasoning capabilities, abstract pattern recognition, scientific thinking and investigation, and the ability to perform complex calculations.
Those who automatically correlate this intelligence with skill in mathematics criticize this intelligence by arguing that logical ability is often more strongly correlated with verbal rather than mathematical ability: for example, in the Graduate Record Examination, a test often used in the United States to decide who will be admitted to graduate school, the old Analytic section correlated more strongly with the Verbal section than the Mathematical. One possibility is that formal, symbolic logic and strict logic games are under the command of mathematical intelligence, while skills such as fallacy hunting, argument construction, etc. are under the command of verbal intelligence.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include scientists, mathematicians, engineers, doctors and economists.
[edit] Naturalistic
This area has to do with nature, nurturing and relating information to one's natural surroundings. This is the eighth and newest of the intelligences, added to the theory in 1999. This type of intelligence was not part of Gardner's original theory of Multiple Intelligences. Those with it are said to have greater sensitivity to nature and their place within it, the ability to nurture and grow things, and greater ease in caring for, taming and interacting with animals. They may also be able to discern changes in weather or similar fluctuations in their natural surroundings. They are also good at recognizing and classifying different species. "Naturalists" learn best when the subject involves collecting and analyzing, or is closely related to something prominent in nature; they also don't enjoy learning unfamiliar or seemingly useless subjects with little or no connections to nature. It is advised that naturalistic learners would learn more through being outside or in a kinesthetic way.
The theory behind this intelligence is often criticized, much like the spiritual or existential intelligence (see below), as it is seen by many as not indicative of an intelligence but rather an interest. However it might have been a more valuable and useful intelligence in prehistoric times when humans lived closer to nature.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include scientists, naturalists, conservationists, gardeners and farmers.
[edit] Intrapersonal
This area has to do with introspective and self-reflective capacities. Those who are strongest in this intelligence are typically introverts and prefer to work alone. They are usually highly self-aware and capable of understanding their own emotions, goals and motivations. They often have an affinity for thought-based pursuits such as philosophy. They learn best when allowed to concentrate on the subject by themselves. There is often a high level of perfectionism associated with this intelligence.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include philosophers, psychologists, theologians, writers and scientists.
[edit] Visual-Spatial
Main article: Spatial reasoning
This area has to do with vision and spatial judgment. People with strong visual-spatial intelligence are typically very good at visualizing and mentally manipulating objects. They have a strong visual memory and are often artistically inclined. Those with visual-spatial intelligence also generally have a very good sense of direction and may also have very good hand-eye coordination, although this is normally seen as a characteristic of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Some critics [4] point out the high correlation between the spatial and mathematical abilities, which seems to disprove the clear separation of the intelligences as Gardner theorized. Since solving a mathematical problem involves reasoningly manipulating symbols and numbers, spatial intelligence is involved in visually changing the reality. A thorough understanding of the two intelligences precludes this criticism, however, as the two intelligences do not precisely conform to the definitions of visual and mathematical abilities. Although they may share certain characteristics, they are easily distinguished by several factors, and there are many with strong logical-mathematical intelligence and weak visual-spatial, and vice versa.[citation needed]
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include artists, engineers, and architects.
[edit] Musical
This area has to do with rhythm, music, and hearing. Those who have a high level of musical-rhythmic intelligence display greater sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones, and music. They normally have good pitch and may even have absolute pitch, and are able to sing, play musical instruments, and compose music. Since there is a strong auditory component to this intelligence, those who are strongest in it may learn best via lecture. In addition, they will often use songs or rhythms to learn and memorize information, and may work best with music playing in the background.
Careers which suit those with this intelligence include instrumentalists, singers, conductors, disc-jockeys, and composers.
[edit] Other intelligences
Other intelligences have been suggested or explored by Gardner and his colleagues, including spiritual, existential and moral intelligence. Gardner excluded spiritual intelligence due to what he perceived as the inability to codify criteria comparable to the other "intelligences". Existential intelligence (the capacity to raise and reflect on philosophical questions about life, death, and ultimate realities) meets most of the criteria with the exception of identifiable areas of the brain that specialize for this faculty.[5] Moral capacities were excluded because they are normative rather than descriptive.[
Tuesday 14 October 2008
MORALS AND VALUES
Dictionary definitions
(From my Webster's dictionary) Note that none of these have anything to do with sex, or even with the Bible or with religion.
Moral: concerned with the principles of right and wrong; ethical
Morality: conformity, or degree of conformity, to conventional rules, without or apart form inspiration and guidance by religion and other spiritual influences.
Broader Definitions
This includes my own definition of some related terms.
Morals: when you care about others and not just yourself
Integrity: when you do what you say and you say what you do. Integrity means being able to do business on a handshake.
Character: when you act upon your convictions, and don't cave in under pressure
Decency: when you don't tolerate degrading situations (e.g. poverty, exploitation, violence, hypocrisy)
Prostitution: (Strict) offering sex for money. (Broad) when you sacrifice your values for financial or political gain.
Practical Morals
Morals are actually easy to understand: if your actions are guided by trying to do good to others, you are moral. If you are pursuing your goals only, you are selfish. If you pursue your selfish goals at the expense of others, you are immoral. If your goals also make others happy, you live a balanced life. Dead simple!
Morals should always originate from some practical considerations. Good morals promote a better society, and happier people overall. "Intuitive" morals are the best. Don't kill, don't hurt, don't be selfish, help the less fortunate.
Here are my morals. Help your neighbor. Be a fine human being. be tolerant. Enjoy life. be happy, because happiness is contageous.
Government Control?
Just like Adam Smith predicted that an "invisible hand" would control the economy when left alone, it could be argued that the same invisible hand could control morals. The reason is that people want to be happy, and will eventually do what works best. And in human terms, the way to real happiness, has to imply making others happy.
There is Nothing Inherently Immoral About Sex
There is a lot of talk about moral decay nowadays. Maybe there is moral decay. After all, people are becoming increasingly greedy and selfish, increasingly incapable of taking on personal responsibility, and increasingly dependent upon the government to tell them what to do and what not to do.
What I also call moral decay, are parents who are too busy to care for their kids, credit card bills, government deficits, expensive new cars bought on credit, complaining, the inability to live without air-conditioning, and the total ignorance of suburbanites of anything to do with nature.
However, having sex before marriage, or watching an adult movie, has nothing to do with moral decay.
Here is what the confusion is all about: in the US, when people talk about morals, they usually mean sex.
But sex is not inherently immoral. It can be immoral, if personal pleasure is pursued at the expense of others. Or if there is coercion, or if emotional pain is knowingly inflicted. Or if intentions are misrepresented. Otherwise, there is no problem with sex. Even the Bible does not talk a whole lot about sex.
Sex outside of marriage is not inherently immoral. It is just the lying that is immoral (either Hugh Hefner or Bob Guccione once came up with that, in an interview).
Besides that, there are issues of pregnancy and STD's. That has to do with health and safety. Not with morals.
"Traditional" Values
Why traditional values? We don't live in a traditional society. Actually, we quit living in a traditional society at the time of the Industrial Revolution, when agriculture got mechanized. You can cry about it (personally, I also wish I could ride to work in a horse-drawn carriage). But the fact is: there is no going back.
There is no rational reason why "traditional" values are better. On the contrary, they almost have to be worse by definition, since the world changes and the values do not.
People confuse family values with plain old-fashioned intolerance.
Being socially liberal does not mean being anti-family!
(From my Webster's dictionary) Note that none of these have anything to do with sex, or even with the Bible or with religion.
Moral: concerned with the principles of right and wrong; ethical
Morality: conformity, or degree of conformity, to conventional rules, without or apart form inspiration and guidance by religion and other spiritual influences.
Broader Definitions
This includes my own definition of some related terms.
Morals: when you care about others and not just yourself
Integrity: when you do what you say and you say what you do. Integrity means being able to do business on a handshake.
Character: when you act upon your convictions, and don't cave in under pressure
Decency: when you don't tolerate degrading situations (e.g. poverty, exploitation, violence, hypocrisy)
Prostitution: (Strict) offering sex for money. (Broad) when you sacrifice your values for financial or political gain.
Practical Morals
Morals are actually easy to understand: if your actions are guided by trying to do good to others, you are moral. If you are pursuing your goals only, you are selfish. If you pursue your selfish goals at the expense of others, you are immoral. If your goals also make others happy, you live a balanced life. Dead simple!
Morals should always originate from some practical considerations. Good morals promote a better society, and happier people overall. "Intuitive" morals are the best. Don't kill, don't hurt, don't be selfish, help the less fortunate.
Here are my morals. Help your neighbor. Be a fine human being. be tolerant. Enjoy life. be happy, because happiness is contageous.
Government Control?
Just like Adam Smith predicted that an "invisible hand" would control the economy when left alone, it could be argued that the same invisible hand could control morals. The reason is that people want to be happy, and will eventually do what works best. And in human terms, the way to real happiness, has to imply making others happy.
There is Nothing Inherently Immoral About Sex
There is a lot of talk about moral decay nowadays. Maybe there is moral decay. After all, people are becoming increasingly greedy and selfish, increasingly incapable of taking on personal responsibility, and increasingly dependent upon the government to tell them what to do and what not to do.
What I also call moral decay, are parents who are too busy to care for their kids, credit card bills, government deficits, expensive new cars bought on credit, complaining, the inability to live without air-conditioning, and the total ignorance of suburbanites of anything to do with nature.
However, having sex before marriage, or watching an adult movie, has nothing to do with moral decay.
Here is what the confusion is all about: in the US, when people talk about morals, they usually mean sex.
But sex is not inherently immoral. It can be immoral, if personal pleasure is pursued at the expense of others. Or if there is coercion, or if emotional pain is knowingly inflicted. Or if intentions are misrepresented. Otherwise, there is no problem with sex. Even the Bible does not talk a whole lot about sex.
Sex outside of marriage is not inherently immoral. It is just the lying that is immoral (either Hugh Hefner or Bob Guccione once came up with that, in an interview).
Besides that, there are issues of pregnancy and STD's. That has to do with health and safety. Not with morals.
"Traditional" Values
Why traditional values? We don't live in a traditional society. Actually, we quit living in a traditional society at the time of the Industrial Revolution, when agriculture got mechanized. You can cry about it (personally, I also wish I could ride to work in a horse-drawn carriage). But the fact is: there is no going back.
There is no rational reason why "traditional" values are better. On the contrary, they almost have to be worse by definition, since the world changes and the values do not.
People confuse family values with plain old-fashioned intolerance.
Being socially liberal does not mean being anti-family!
Tuesday 30 September 2008
MY CONTACTS
Carlos Mayorga: http://www.universidadlatina.blogspot.com/
Rodolfo Guevara: http://www.rguevara-rodolfoblogspot.com/
Maricruz Molina: http://www.maricruzmolinatrejos.blogspot.com/
Alex Guevara: http://www.aguevarao2.blogspot.com/
Jennifer Molina: http://www.¨jenn23¨blog.blogspot.com/
Jessica Barquero: http://www.jbarquero.blogspot.com/
Pituca: http://www.p2k34.blogspot.com/
Braulio Araya: http://www.braulioarayacarrillo.blogspot.com/
Yerling Caseres: http://www.garbage-yerling.blogspot.com/
Maringen Gonzales: http://www.recursos-maringen.blogspot.com/
Haylen Cubillo: http://www.dixicubillo.blogspot.com/
Jonathan Gutierrez: http://www.john2269.blogspot.com/
Dana Arias: http://www.animegirl.blogspot.com/
Greivin Araya: http://www.greivinaraya.blogspot.com/
Nidia Gayle: http://www.chickenfour.blogspot.com/
Magaly Rojas: http://www.magaly-mrojas.blogspot.com/
Sirley Sandi: http://www.tilism.blogspot.com/
Marisol Arce: http://www.marysolarce.blogspot.com/
Meydellyn Vargas: http://www.meypinkypunky.blogspot.com/
Maribel leon: http://www.marileon21.blogspot.com/
Rodolfo Guevara: http://www.rguevara-rodolfoblogspot.com/
Maricruz Molina: http://www.maricruzmolinatrejos.blogspot.com/
Alex Guevara: http://www.aguevarao2.blogspot.com/
Jennifer Molina: http://www.¨jenn23¨blog.blogspot.com/
Jessica Barquero: http://www.jbarquero.blogspot.com/
Pituca: http://www.p2k34.blogspot.com/
Braulio Araya: http://www.braulioarayacarrillo.blogspot.com/
Yerling Caseres: http://www.garbage-yerling.blogspot.com/
Maringen Gonzales: http://www.recursos-maringen.blogspot.com/
Haylen Cubillo: http://www.dixicubillo.blogspot.com/
Jonathan Gutierrez: http://www.john2269.blogspot.com/
Dana Arias: http://www.animegirl.blogspot.com/
Greivin Araya: http://www.greivinaraya.blogspot.com/
Nidia Gayle: http://www.chickenfour.blogspot.com/
Magaly Rojas: http://www.magaly-mrojas.blogspot.com/
Sirley Sandi: http://www.tilism.blogspot.com/
Marisol Arce: http://www.marysolarce.blogspot.com/
Meydellyn Vargas: http://www.meypinkypunky.blogspot.com/
Maribel leon: http://www.marileon21.blogspot.com/
Tuesday 23 September 2008
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics.
It also studies how lefts differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social class or socio-economic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among social classes, and it is these socialists that sociolinguistics studies.
The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by Gaucho in Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. Sociolinguistics in the west first appeared in the 1960s and was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK.
It also studies how lefts differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social class or socio-economic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among social classes, and it is these socialists that sociolinguistics studies.
The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by Gaucho in Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. Sociolinguistics in the west first appeared in the 1960s and was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK.
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